Brazil

Sources:

Overall inequality: Gini coefficient for household equivalised income from SEDLAC (Source: Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEDLAS and The World Bank)) (accessed 21 February 2017) – see Gasparini, Cruces and Tornarolli (2011); linked at 2004 to the “New PNAD” data series, linked at 1993 to the earlier “PNAD” series (on the assumption of no change between 1990 and 1993).

Top income shares: Share of top 1 per cent in total income (households, excluding capital gains) for 1960 and 1970 from Langoni (1978, Tabela 1.1 and 3.3).

Poverty measures: Percentage of individuals below 50 per cent of median household per capita income from SEDLAC (Source: Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEDLAS and The World Bank)) (accessed 21 February 2017), linked at 2004 to the “New PNAD” data series, linked at 1993 to the earlier “PNAD” series (on the assumption of no change between 1990 and 1992).

Dispersion of earnings: Gini coefficient for labour earnings in six main metropolitan regions, persons aged 15-60, from Neri (2010, Table 2.3, June figures).

Wealth inequality: No suitable data were found.

References:

• Fishlow, A, 1972, “Brazilian size distribution of income”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol 62: 391-402.
• Gasparini, L, Cruces, G and Tornarolli, R, 2011, “Recent trends in income inequality in Latin America”, Economia, vol 11: 147-190.
• Langoni, C G, 1978 (first edition 1973), Distribuição de Renda e Desenvolvimento Econômico do Brasil?, Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro.
• Langoni, C G, 1973a, “Income distribution and economic development: The Brazilian case”, working paper.
• Langoni, C G, 1975, “Review of income data: Brazil”, Research Program in Economic Development Discussion Paper 60.
• Neri, M C, 2010, “The decade of falling income inequality and formal employment generation in Brazil” in Tackling inequalities in Brazil, China, India and South Africa, OECD, Paris.